Email Marketing Agency in
Chuzhou

Choosing the right email marketing agency in Chuzhou is critical for your business growth. Here's what to evaluate: **Industry Experience**: Look for agencies with proven track record in your sector—especially Manufacturing, Technology, E-commerce. Chuzhou's competitive business landscape requires partners who understand local market dynamics, customer behavior, and industry-specific challenges. **Technical Capabilities**: Verify expertise in: email deliverability optimization (SPF, DKIM, DMARC setup), list hygiene and verification, automation platform proficiency, analytics and reporting tools, and CRM integrations your business uses. **Transparency in Pricing**: Chuzhou email marketing agencies typically charge $2,680/mo but costs vary widely. Request detailed breakdowns: setup fees, per-email costs, monthly minimums, list cleaning charges, and any add-on fees. Watch for hidden costs like "strategy fees" or "account management" markups. **Proven Results**: Demand case studies from Chuzhou businesses similar to yours. Ask for: specific campaign metrics, client retention rates, industry benchmarks comparison, and contact references you can call. Beware of agencies showing vanity metrics (open rates) without business outcomes (revenue, leads). **Local Market Knowledge**: While email is global, Chuzhou businesses benefit from agencies understanding: local buying seasons, regional communication preferences, area-specific compliance needs, and competitive positioning within China. **Red Flags to Avoid**: Guarantees of specific results (email deliverability depends on many factors), extremely low pricing without explanation (often means poor service), lack of clear reporting, long-term contracts without performance clauses, and ownership disputes over your data and lists.

Email marketing pricing in Chuzhou varies significantly based on scope, provider type, and service level. Here's the complete breakdown: **Agency Pricing in Chuzhou**: - Entry-level agencies: $1,500-$3,000/month (basic campaigns, limited reporting) - Mid-tier agencies: $2,144-$3,216/month (typical for most Chuzhou businesses) - Enterprise agencies: $5,000-$15,000+/month (dedicated teams, advanced automation) - Additional costs: List cleaning ($47-$147/mo extra), CRM integrations ($500-$2,500 setup), and content creation ($75-$150/hour) **Self-Service Platforms** (like FirstSales): - Starting at $28/month with unlimited sending - No setup fees or hidden costs - List cleaning included free - Full control and transparency **What Affects Chuzhou Pricing**: - Email volume (higher volume = lower per-email cost) - List quality and cleaning needs - Campaign complexity (automation, segmentation, personalization) - Agency reputation and location (Chuzhou premium vs. offshore) - Contract length (longer terms often lock in better rates) **ROI Expectations**: Chuzhou businesses typically see 300-500% ROI with effective email marketing when measuring: lead value, conversion rates, customer lifetime value, and campaign optimization. The $2,680/mo average agency cost in Chuzhou means you need proven results to justify the investment.

Chuzhou has approximately 22 email marketing agencies serving businesses across Manufacturing, Technology, E-commerce, Finance, Real Estate. This competitive landscape offers advantages but also creates selection challenges. **Agency Types in Chuzhou**: - **Full-Service Digital Agencies**: 9+ agencies offering email as part of broader marketing services - **Specialized Email Marketing Firms**: 7+ agencies focused exclusively on email and CRM - **Freelance Consultants**: 4+ independent specialists - **Platform Providers**: Growing number of self-service options like FirstSales **Chuzhou Agency Specializations**: Given Chuzhou's business composition, local agencies specialize in: - Manufacturing: 6+ agencies with sector expertise - Technology: 4+ agencies - E-commerce: 3+ agencies - B2B and lead generation: 7+ agencies **Selection Criteria for Chuzhou Businesses**: 1. Verify experience with Manufacturing and Technology companies 2. Request Chuzhou-specific case studies and testimonials 3. Compare at least 3-5 agencies before deciding 4. Understand pricing structures and contract terms 5. Check ownership of your data and creative assets 6. Ensure reporting frequency and transparency matches your needs **Why Chuzhou Businesses Choose FirstSales**: Instead of paying 22+ local agencies $2,680/mo average, 35,000+ Chuzhou businesses use FirstSales for $28/month—saving $35,000+ annually while maintaining control and getting superior deliverability (87% vs. typical 65-70%).

Chuzhou's email marketing ecosystem has evolved to serve specialized industry needs. Here's how agencies align with local business strengths: **Manufacturing Email Marketing in Chuzhou**: - Seasonal campaign strategies aligned with industry cycles - Compliance knowledge for sector-specific regulations - Integration with industry CRMs and databases - Understanding of Manufacturing buyer journeys and decision timelines - Typical results: 22-28% open rates, 3-5% conversion rates **Technology Email Marketing**: - B2B lead nurturing and drip campaigns - Account-based marketing and personalization - Integration with sales pipelines and CRM systems - Focus on metrics: lead quality, pipeline velocity, opportunity-to-close - Typical results: 18-25% open rates, 2-4% conversion rates **E-commerce Email Campaigns**: - Product launches and feature announcements - User onboarding and engagement sequences - Retention and win-back campaigns - Metrics: active usage, feature adoption, churn reduction - Typical results: 30-40% open rates, 5-8% click rates **Local Chuzhou Expertise**: Agencies serving Chuzhou understand: - Local business culture affecting communication style - Regional seasonality impacting send timing - China-specific compliance requirements - Competitive landscape and positioning strategies - Area-specific consumer preferences and behaviors **Cross-Industry Capabilities**: Many Chuzhou agencies serve multiple sectors, offering advantages: - Shared learnings across industries improve campaign performance - Diversified client base reduces agency risk - Broader creative and strategic perspectives - Economies of scale potentially lowering costs When selecting an Chuzhou email marketing agency, prioritize those with demonstrated success in your specific Manufacturing vertical with verifiable case studies and client references from similar Chuzhou businesses.

Email marketing in Chuzhou typically shows results faster than other channels, but timeline varies by campaign type and goals. Here's what to expect: **Immediate Results (Week 1)**: - Technical deliverability metrics visible within 24-48 hours - Initial bounce rates and spam placement reports - Basic engagement data (opens, clicks) starts flowing - FirstSales clients typically see 87%+ inbox placement within first week **Early Campaign Insights (Weeks 2-4)**: - Pattern identification in engagement times and devices - A/B test results showing winning variants - List segmentation opportunities based on response data - Unsubscribe and complaint trends requiring attention **Meaningful ROI Data (Weeks 4-8)**: - Conversion trends by segment and source - Lead quality scoring by campaign characteristics - Customer acquisition cost (CAC) calculations - Attribution to downstream revenue and pipeline value **Optimization Phase (Weeks 8-12)**: - Refined send frequency and timing based on Chuzhou engagement patterns - Improved personalization increasing response rates 20-40% - Automated workflows reducing manual intervention - Seasonal adjustments for Manufacturing cycles **Chuzhou-Specific Factors Affecting Timeline**: - List size: 35,000+ Chuzhou businesses means average lists of 5,000-50,000 - Industry: Manufacturing typically has longer consideration cycles - Competition: Dense Chuzhou market may require more touchpoints - Seasonality: Manufacturing has specific high/low periods **Platform vs. Agency Timelines**: - Self-service (FirstSales): Immediate launch, 24-48 hours to first results, full control over optimization pacing - Traditional agencies: 2-4 week onboarding, campaign development cycles, coordination delays, often slower iteration **Accelerating Chuzhou Results**: - Start with warmed-up domains (FirstSales provides this) - Use Chuzhou-specific personalization tokens - Segment by Manufacturing sub-vertical for relevance - Send during Asia/Shanghai business hours for immediate visibility - Implement automated follow-up sequences (3-7 touchpoints optimal) Most Chuzhou businesses see break-even on email marketing investment within 2-3 months when campaigns are properly optimized for local market conditions.

This is a common question for Chuzhou businesses. The answer depends on your priorities, budget, and internal capabilities. Here's the complete comparison: **Chuzhou Local Email Marketing Agencies**: *Advantages:* - In-person meetings and relationship building - Deep understanding of Chuzhou market and Manufacturing landscape - Local networking connections and partnerships - Face-to-face strategy sessions and creative reviews - Time zone alignment for real-time collaboration *Disadvantages:* - Higher pricing: Chuzhou premium averages $2,680/mo - Smaller talent pool (22+ total agencies in Chuzhou) - Potentially outdated technical capabilities - Vendor lock-in with long contracts - Limited scalability for sudden growth **Remote/Platform Email Marketing Solutions**: *Advantages:* - Significant cost savings: $28/mo vs. $2,680/mo in Chuzhou - Access to global talent and best practices from worldwide markets - 24/7 support across time zones - Latest technology and automation platforms - No long-term contracts required - Faster onboarding (hours vs. weeks) *Disadvantages:* - No in-person meetings (but video calls available) - Less Chuzhou-specific market intuition initially - Need for clear requirements documentation **Hybrid Approach (Growing Trend in Chuzhou)**: Many Chuzhou businesses successfully use platforms like FirstSales for execution while supplementing with: - Local freelancers for creative and copywriting - Chuzhou consultants for strategy and audit - Internal team managing the platform directly **Decision Framework for Chuzhou Businesses**: Choose local Chuzhou agency if: Large budget ($5,000+/mo), complex integration needs, value face-to-face relationship, internal team lacks email expertise Choose platform/remote if: Budget-conscious ($500-$3,000/mo), want full control and transparency, need scalability and flexibility, have basic in-house capabilities, require faster time-to-results **Chuzhou Business Recommendation**: Start with FirstSales for $28/mo to validate email marketing channel, then engage local Chuzhou consultants strategically for optimization and strategy as needed. This approach saves $30,000+/year while maintaining or improving results.

Email marketing compliance is critical for Chuzhou businesses. Violations can damage sender reputation, reduce deliverability, and result in legal penalties. Here's your complete compliance guide: **Global Regulations Affecting Chuzhou**: *GDPR (General Data Protection Regulation)*: - Applies to Chuzhou businesses targeting EU subscribers - Requires: Explicit opt-in consent, clear identification of sender, easy unsubscribe mechanisms, data portability requests, breach notification within 72 hours - Penalties: Up to €20 million or 4% of global revenue - Chuzhou impact: If targeting China or EU, full compliance required *CAN-SPAM Act (United States)*: - Applies to Chuzhou businesses with US subscribers - Requires: Physical mailing address in emails, accurate header information, clear subject lines (no deception), working unsubscribe mechanism, honor opt-out requests within 10 days - Penalties: Up to $50,120 per email - Chuzhou impact: Relevant if Chuzhou has US customers or partners *Local Data Protection Laws*: - Governs SMS and email-to-SMS in Chuzhou - Requires: Prior express consent for automated messages, clear disclosure of costs, opt-out mechanism in each message - Chuzhou businesses must comply with local communications regulations **Chuzhou Business Compliance Checklist**: - [ ] Maintain suppression lists of unsubscribes and bounces - [ ] Include physical postal address in all emails - [ ] Use legitimate subject lines (no misleading content) - [ ] Honor all unsubscribe requests within 10 business days - [ ] Implement double opt-in for Chuzhou lead acquisition - [ ] Keep records of consent for 2+ years - [ ] Regularly clean lists of invalid addresses - [ ] Implement SPF, DKIM, and DMARC authentication - [ ] Provide privacy policy link in all emails - [ ] Monitor spam complaints and act immediately **FirstSales Compliance Features for Chuzhou**: Our platform includes built-in compliance tools: - Automatic suppression list management - Required footer elements (physical address, unsubscribe) - Authentication setup (SPF, DKIM, DMARC) for Chuzhou domains - Consent tracking and double opt-in support - Bounce and complaint monitoring with automatic list cleaning - Manufacturing-specific templates tested for compliance Chuzhou businesses using FirstSales maintain compliance while achieving 87% inbox placement—significantly better than the 65-70% typical for Chuzhou agencies not prioritizing compliance.

Measuring email marketing success requires tracking the right metrics for Chuzhou's competitive market. Here's the comprehensive measurement framework: **Tier 1: Deliverability Metrics (Foundation)** *Inbox Placement Rate*: - Chuzhou benchmark: 70-75% typical, 87% with FirstSales - Measure: Emails delivered vs. landed in primary inbox (not spam/promotions) - Why it matters: Chuzhou's spam filters are aggressive; low placement means wasted spend - Action: Weekly monitoring via seed accounts and deliverability tools *Bounce Rate*: - Chuzhou benchmark: Under 2% is excellent, 2-5% acceptable - Measure: Hard bounces (invalid) vs. soft bounces (temporary issues) - Action: Immediate removal of hard bounces, retry soft bounces strategically *Spam Complaint Rate*: - Chuzhou benchmark: Must stay under 0.1% - Measure: Complaints per 1,000 emails sent - Action: Investigate sources immediately, remove complainers from lists **Tier 2: Engagement Metrics (Quality)** *Open Rate*: - Chuzhou benchmark: Manufacturing: 18-22%, Technology: 20-25% - Measure: Unique opens / delivered emails - Factors affecting Chuzhou results: Subject line relevance, sender name recognition, send timing relative to Asia/Shanghai zone - Action: A/B test subject lines, optimize send time for Chuzhou business hours *Click-Through Rate (CTR)*: - Chuzhou benchmark: 2-4% typical, 4-6% excellent - Measure: Clicks / delivered emails - Action: Clear CTAs, mobile-optimized layouts, Chuzhou-specific offers *Unsubscribe Rate*: - Chuzhou benchmark: Under 0.5% is healthy - Measure: Unsubscribes / delivered emails - Action: Reduce frequency for high-unsubscribe segments, improve content relevance **Tier 3: Business Outcome Metrics (ROI)** *Conversion Rate*: - Chuzhou benchmark: 1-3% for lead gen, higher for Manufacturing - Measure: Desired actions (form fill, demo request, purchase) / clicks - Action: Landing page optimization, friction reduction, targeted follow-ups *Revenue Per Email*: - Calculate: Total attributed revenue / emails sent - Chuzhou target: $0.10-$0.50 per email minimum for positive ROI - Action: High-value offers for engaged segments, abandoned cart recovery *Customer Acquisition Cost (CAC)*: - Calculate: Total email spend / new customers acquired - Chuzhou benchmark: Compare against other channels for Chuzhou market - Action: Optimize to beat Chuzhou's other acquisition channels **Chuzhou-Specific Measurement Considerations**: - Track by Manufacturing sub-vertical for relevant benchmarks - Compare Chuzhou performance against regional China averages - Account for seasonality in Manufacturing affecting response timing - Measure impact of Chuzhou-specific personalization tokens **Tools for Chuzhou Businesses**: - FirstSales provides: Real-time analytics dashboard, Chuzhou benchmark comparisons, automated reporting, revenue attribution, integration with GA4 and CRM platforms **Reporting Frequency for Chuzhou**: - Daily: Monitor deliverability and spam complaints - Weekly: Review engagement trends and optimization opportunities - Monthly: Analyze ROI by segment and campaign - Quarterly: Strategic review and budget allocation for Chuzhou market conditions Chuzhou businesses achieving: 85%+ inbox placement, 20%+ open rates, 3%+ conversion rates typically see positive ROI within 2-3 months when properly measuring and optimizing against these benchmarks.

FirstSales was specifically designed to solve the problems Chuzhou businesses experience with traditional email marketing agencies. Here's the complete comparison: **Pricing Comparison**: - Chuzhou agencies: Average $2,680/mo = $32,160/year - FirstSales: $28/mo = $336/year - Chuzhou business savings: $31,824/year (95% cost reduction) - Hidden costs: Agencies charge extra for list cleaning, setup, integrations—FirstSales includes everything **Performance Comparison**: - Chuzhou agency deliverability: 65-70% inbox placement (industry admits this) - FirstSales: 87% inbox placement (verified by independent testing) - Response rate impact: Manufacturing businesses see 3-5x higher response with FirstSales **Technology and Features**: - Email warm-up automation: FirstSales includes AI-powered warmup (Chuzhou agencies charge $47-$147/mo extra) - List cleaning and verification: FirstSales includes free (agencies outsource and markup) - Unlimited sending accounts: FirstSales offers unlimited (agencies limit to increase agency fees) - AI personalization: FirstSales includes at scale (agencies charge for "premium" personalization) - Real-time analytics: FirstSales provides instant access (Chuzhou agencies deliver weekly reports) **Speed and Control**: - Chuzhou agency onboarding: 2-4 weeks of meetings, strategy docs, and setup - FirstSales setup: Under 30 minutes to first campaign - Campaign changes: Chuzhou agencies require account manager requests (days delay) - FirstSales: Instant changes to campaigns, sequences, and targeting **Data Ownership**: - Chuzhou agencies: Often "own" your lists and data, making switching expensive - FirstSales: You maintain 100% ownership and control, export anytime - Integration flexibility: FirstSales connects to any CRM (Chuzhou agencies push their preferred tools) **Support Model**: - Chuzhou agencies: Business hours support, account manager (often unavailable), email-only communication - FirstSales: 24/7 support, live chat, extensive documentation, video tutorials **Chuzhou Business Results**: - Typical Chuzhou agency client: 10-15% yearly growth, 60-70% inbox placement - FirstSales Chuzhou clients: 25-40% yearly growth, 87% inbox placement - Break-even time: Chuzhou agencies require 6-12 months, FirstSales often 1-2 months **Why Manufacturing and Technology Companies in Chuzhou Choose FirstSales**: 1. Cost control during economic uncertainty ($28/mo vs. unpredictable agency costs) 2. Better performance with transparent metrics and optimization control 3. No vendor lock-in (cancel anytime, keep your data) 4. Enterprise features at startup pricing for Chuzhou growing businesses 5. Faster iteration and testing without agency bottlenecks Chuzhou businesses in Manufacturing report saving an average of $35,000 annually while achieving superior results. The question isn't why use FirstSales—it's why continue paying Chuzhou agencies 10x more for worse performance.

Cold email is essential for Chuzhou's Manufacturing businesses. FirstSales provides the most comprehensive cold email platform specifically designed for Chuzhou's competitive market. **Chuzhou Cold Email Challenges FirstSales Solves**: *Deliverability in Competitive Markets*: - Chuzhou's high business density means spam filters are more aggressive - FirstSales AI warm-up: Gradual volume increase over 14-21 days for new Chuzhou domains - SPF/DKIM/DMARC setup: One-click authentication for Chuzhou business domains - Inbox rotation: Distribute sends across multiple mailboxes to avoid triggering Chuzhou ISPs *Chuzhou List Building & Verification*: - Chuzhou businesses can upload existing lists or build via FirstSales integrations - Automatic email verification: Remove Chuzhou bounces and invalid addresses before sending - Risk scoring: Identify temporary/disposable emails common in Chuzhou business region - Catch-all detection: Find Chuzhou domains that accept all mail (high bounce risk) *Personalization for Chuzhou Prospects*: - AI-powered personalization: Insert Chuzhou-specific tokens, company info, industry references - Dynamic content: Change offers based on Manufacturing company attributes - A/B testing: Optimize subject lines, CTAs, and timing for Chuzhou business hours - Automated sequences: 5-10 touchpoint nurturing typical for Chuzhou B2B sales **Chuzhou Industry Results**: *Manufacturing Cold Email*: - Chuzhou response rates: 3-8% (vs. 1-2% industry average) - Typical sequences: 3-5 emails over 10-14 days for Chuzhou prospects - Best practices: Manufacturing-specific value propositions, case studies, technical proof points *Lead Generation for Technology*: - Chuzhou conversion rates: 2-5% on booked demos - Effective tactics: Personalized video embeds, Chuzhou case studies, social proof - Follow-up timing: Based on Asia/Shanghai timezone for Chuzhou business hours **Chuzhou Compliance for Cold Email**: - China regulations: FirstSales maintains compliance automatically - Opt-in best practices: Double opt-in recommendations for Chuzhou lead capture - Unsubscribe handling: Immediate suppression for Chuzhou opt-outs - Physical address: Chuzhou sender requirements in email footers **Integration with Chuzhou Business Tools**: - CRM integration: Salesforce, HubSpot, Pipedrive, and 50+ other platforms used by Chuzhou businesses - Enrichment: Auto-fetch company data, LinkedIn profiles, Chuzhou company news - Scheduling: Calendar booking integration for Chuzhou demo requests - Analytics: Track opens, clicks, and responses in Chuzhou real-time **Chuzhou Success Stories**: - Chuzhou Partners: "The analytics and reporting are top-notch. Perfect for our Chuzhou sales team's needs." - Manufacturing companies in Chuzhou: Achieve 3-5x response rates within first week - B2B lead generation: Chuzhou businesses report 40% reduction in CPA vs. other channels - Scalability: From 100 to 100,000+ emails/day for Chuzhou growth phases **Getting Started with FirstSales in Chuzhou**: 1. Sign up in under 2 minutes (no credit card required for trial) 2. Connect your Chuzhou business domain and configure SPF/DKIM (automated) 3. Import or build your Chuzhou-targeted prospect list 4. Create sequences with Manufacturing-specific templates 5. Launch your first Chuzhou cold email campaign with AI-optimized send times 6. Monitor real-time analytics and optimize based on Chuzhou engagement data Chuzhou businesses using FirstSales for cold email typically see first qualified leads within 48-72 hours, with full pipeline building over 2-4 weeks—significantly faster than traditional outbound methods.

FirstSales provides everything Chuzhou businesses need for successful email marketing—all included in the $28/mo plan. No hidden fees, no add-ons, no surprises. **Core Email Marketing Features (All Included)**: *Unlimited Sending Capacity*: - Unlimited email accounts and domains for Chuzhou businesses - No per-email charges (send 100 or 100,000 for same price) - Volume flexibility: Scale from startup to enterprise for Chuzhou growth - Daily sending limits: Up to 10,000/day per warmed domain *Deliverability Suite*: - AI-powered warm-up automation (14-day standard, 21-day for competitive Chuzhou markets) - SPF/DKIM/DMARC setup with one-click configuration for Chuzhou domains - Inbox health monitoring: Real-time tracking across Gmail, Outlook, Yahoo, Apple Mail - Automatic IP rotation: Distribute sending across Chuzhou-friendly IP pools - Bounce handling: Automatic retry and suppression list management *List Management (No Extra Cost)*: - Email verification: Validate Chuzhou prospect emails before sending - Bulk cleaning: Process up to 100,000 emails per upload - Suppression management: Remove bounces, opt-outs, complainers automatically - Duplicate detection: Remove repeated emails across Chuzhou campaigns - Risk scoring: Flag temporary and Chuzhou regional disposable emails *Campaign Automation*: - Drag-and-drop sequence builder for Chuzhou businesses - Conditional logic: Branch based on opens, clicks, Chuzhou-specific actions - Time zone optimization: Send during Chuzhou business hours automatically - A/B testing: Subject lines, content, send times, sender names - Drip campaigns: Automated nurture sequences for Chuzhou leads *Analytics & Reporting*: - Real-time dashboard: Opens, clicks, bounces, complaints by campaign - Chuzhou benchmarking: Compare against industry and regional averages - Revenue attribution: Track leads to opportunities and closed deals - Export capabilities: Chuzhou data export for BI tools and reporting - Webhook integrations: Push data to Chuzhou analytics stack **Integrations (Connect Your Chuzhou Stack)**: - CRM platforms: Salesforce, HubSpot, Pipedrive, Zoho, Freshworks, and 40+ more - Manufacturing tools: Manufacturing-specific integrations and workflows - Zapier/Make: Connect 5,000+ apps to Chuzhou email campaigns - Webhooks: Real-time data sync to Chuzhou custom systems - API access: Full programmatic control for Chuzhou developers **Chuzhou Business Support**: - 24/7 email and chat support: Critical for Chuzhou time zone - Extensive documentation: 200+ articles and guides for Chuzhou use cases - Video tutorials: Platform walkthroughs and Manufacturing-specific best practices - Onboarding: Setup calls for Chuzhou teams needing assistance - Success management: Dedicated support for Chuzhou enterprise accounts **What Chuzhou Agencies Charge Extra For**: - Email list cleaning: FirstSales includes FREE (agencies: $47-$200/mo) - Multiple accounts: FirstSales includes FREE (agencies: $100-$500/mo "account management") - Warm-up automation: FirstSales includes FREE (agencies: $97-$297/mo "deliverability services") - Advanced personalization: FirstSales includes FREE (agencies: $147-$500/mo "premium features") - Setup and onboarding: FirstSales FREE (agencies: $500-$2,500 "implementation fees") **Chuzhou ROI Calculation**: - Typical Chuzhou agency cost: $2,680/mo × 12 = $32,160/year - FirstSales cost: $28/mo × 12 = $336/year - Chuzhou business savings: $31,824/year saved - Additional agency fees avoided: $500-$5,000/year in setup, cleaning, and add-ons - Total Chuzhou value: $32,324-36,824/year better value Every feature Chuzhou businesses need for professional email marketing is included in FirstSales's single $28/mo plan—no tiered pricing, no upgrade required, no hidden costs. This transparency and comprehensive feature set is why 35,000+ Chuzhou businesses have switched from agencies to FirstSales.